![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() These include the red and black kites ( Milvus milvus × Milvus migrans migrans) analyzed in this study eagles ( Aquila clanga × Aquila pomarina) as shown by Helbig et al. Among Accipitriformes sensu stricto, only a few species have been reported to form hybrid zones. Thus, when two populations hybridize on an ongoing basis but the parental types of female-inherited mitochondrial DNA remain segregated, female hybrids are usually sterile. With regard to sex, Haldane´s Rule applies, suggesting that when one sex is absent, rare, infertile, or inviable, it is virtually always the heterogametic sex, which is the female in birds. The degree of fertility may also vary with age, sex, and the direction of the cross. Most observed bird hybrids have been found to be fertile, although their fertility was generally decreased compared to the parental types that produced them. In birds, the occurrence of hybrid zones is well documented. Hybrid zones have recently received increasing attention, and several hybrid sterility genes have been identified, e.g., in house mouse Mus musculus musculus × Mus musculus domesticus hybrids and in fruit flies Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura × Drosophila pseudoobscura bogotana. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: The study was supported by the project PRVOUK P31/2012 from the Charles University in Prague.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received: Accepted: JPublished: July 27, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Heneberg et al. PLoS ONE 11(7):Įditor: Bi-Song Yue, Sichuan University, CHINA (2016) Conservation of the Red Kite Milvus milvus (Aves: Accipitriformes) Is Not Affected by the Establishment of a Broad Hybrid Zone with the Black Kite Milvus migrans migrans in Central Europe. milvus re-introduction programs.Ĭitation: Heneberg P, Dolinay M, Matušík H, Pfeiffer T, Nachtigall W, Bizos J, et al. milvus is clearly subject to free intraspecific gene flow, which has direct implications when considering the origin of individuals in M. It remains to be investigated by genomic methods whether occasional gene flow occurs through the paternal line, as the examined Myc gene displayed only marginal divergence between M. We did not find mitochondrial DNA of one species in individuals with the plumage of the other species, except in F1 hybrids, which agrees with Haldane´s Rule. Few haplotypes displayed statistically significant aggregation in one region over another. We found that populations of both examined species were characterized by a high gene flow within populations, with all of the major haplotypes distributed across the entire examined area. In agreement with previous studies, we found low heterozygosity in M. migrans and 3 F1 hybrid individuals collected across central Europe. Here, we analyzed the mitochondrial ( CO1 and CytB) and nuclear ( Myc) DNA loci of 184 M. ![]() migrans hybrid offspring have been found, F2 and F3 hybrids have only rarely been reported, with low nesting success rates of F1 hybrids and partial hybrid sterility likely playing a role. The species was in decline until the 1970s due to persecution and has declined again since the 1990s due to ingestion of rodenticide-treated baits, illegal poisoning and changes in agricultural practices, particularly in its core range. milvus is endemic to the western Palearctic and has an estimated total population of 20–24,000 breeding pairs. It is such a thing to be thankful for when you drive through mid Wales (in my case often on to a meeting!) to be greeted by the red kites as you go along the valleys of the A470.įor those who cannot view this BBC film I have added links to Gigrin Farm in Wales where you can see the feeding daily and to the UK red kite site, to hep you see them throughout the UK.Among Accipitriformes sensu stricto, only a few species have been reported to form hybrid zones these include the red kite Milvus milvus and black kite Milvus migrans migrans. Unfortunately I think the BBC i-player clip is only available to UK TV viewers but the red kites diving for food is something really to behold - they plummet like a stone and spread their wings at the last fraction of a second to swoop and snatch soar. Fortunately they survived in Wales, and Wales alone, and their offspring are now being re-introduced throughout the UK. These birds were once the chief "rat catchers" in medieval London before being hunted to virtual extinction. Here are some beautiful slow motion shots of the majestic red kites - now flourishing in the UK but all from a single breeding pair in Wales. ![]()
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